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		Grammer Definitions Term Definition Accusative Expresses the object of a verb, and is used after certain prepositions to express motion towards, etc. Active Signifies that a person, or thing, does something; e.g., λύω, I loose Adverb Used to qualify the meaning of a verb by indicating the time, place, or manner in which it's action is accomplished. An adverb can also be used to qualify the meaning of an adjective or another adverb. "The Complete Word Study New Testament", 1991 Spiros Zodiates. Pg.850 Anarthrous Noun Refers to a word or group of words which appear without a definite article. Greek has no indefinite article, i.e., 'a', or 'an' in English. Sometimes it is best to translate an anarthrous word by supplying 'a' or 'an' before it, however, there are many times when supplying an article would be incorrect. Anarthous constructions are most often intended to point out the quality of something. "The Complete Word Study New Testament", 1991 Spiros Zodiates. Pg.850 Aorist Example: ἔλυσα, I loosed Denotes action in the past, but is distinguished from the imperfect and perfect; it is similar to the preterite in languages such as Spanish. Basically denotes the fact of an action occurring without reference to its progress or duration. There is some confusion over whether the aorist is a tense or an aspect. This reflects the double nature of the aorist in Ancient Greek, the most well-known language with an aorist. In the indicative, the Ancient Greek aorist represents a combination of tense and aspect: past tense, perfective aspect. In other moods (subjunctive, optative and imperative), however, as well as in the infinitive and (largely) the participle, the aorist is purely aspectual, with no reference to any particular tense. Modern Greek has inherited the same system. Conjunctive Particle Marks the superaddition of a clause, whether in opposition or in continuation, to what has proceeded. It serves also to mark the resumption of an interrupted discourse. Dative Signifies the remote object; hence the preposition 'to' is associated with it. It also has a large range of meaning, however, such as rest in, conjunction with, etc. Definite Article The definite article in Greek is sometimes translated with the English definite article 'the', however, the function of the two is quite different. In English, the definite article serves merely to particularize, in some way, the person or thing it modifies. In most cases, in Greek, the definite article serves to identify. There is perhaps no other part of Greek grammer where the Greek idiom differs so greatly from the English. For instance, an English grammarian would never place the definite article before a proper noun (e.g., the "Thomas"), though in the Greek it is very common. Recognizing the significance of the presence or absence of the definite article requires the most intimate knowledge of the Greek language. "The Complete Word Study New Testament", 1991 Spiros Zodiates. Pg.851-852 Demonstrative Pronoun Used to distinguish one object or person from other objects or persons Deponent A verb that lays aside one form for another. Deponent verbs do not have an active form, but instead a middle or passive form with an active meaning. Emphatic Personal Pronoun Used when emphasis is being placed on a person, and is especially useful when the subject of a verb is being emphasized. Since the verb endings in Greek indicate person and number, a personal pronoun is usually not expressed as a separate word. Hence, when a personal pronoun is used, it calls special attention to the subject. "The Complete Word Study New Testament", 1991 Spiros Zodiates. Pg.853 Future λύσω, I shall loose Genitive Originally signified motion from and hence separation but afterwards came largely to denote possession. Accordingly it is convenient to associate the preposition 'of' with it. Its range is very wide. Imperative used to make a command, e.g., 'loose thou' Imperfect Example: ἔλυον, I was loosing Refers to repeated or continual action in the past. Only used in the indicative mood. Indefinite Pronoun Does not refer to any specific person or persons. Indicative Used to make a statement or ask a question, e.g., 'I loose'. Infinative Expressing an act or state, usually rendered by the preposition 'to,' e.g., 'to loose,' but often used as a verbal noun, e.g., 'the act of loosing.' Middle Not used in English, signifies that a person, or thing, does something for or upon himself, or itself (i.e., in self-interest); e.g., λύομαι, I loose for myself. Negative Used to state the negative, as in no or not. Nominative Expresses the subject. Optative The optative mood is generally used in the so-called 'fourth-class' conditions which express a wish or desire for an action to occur in which the completion of such is doubtful. By the time of the New Testament, the optative mood was beginning to disappear from spoken and written Greek, and such rarely occurs in the New Testament. In a few cases, verbs in the optative mood stand apart from a conditional clause to express the strongest possible wish regarding an event. The most common of these appears in the phrase (AV, “God forbid”; NKJV “Certainly not”). Ordinal Number used as an Adjectival Noun A number used to express order rather than quantity, used as a noun or pronoun. "The Complete Word Study New Testament", 1991 Spiros Zodiates. Pg.854 Passive signifies that an action is done upon a person, or thing; e.g., λύομαι, I am loosed. This form is the same as the middle in many respects. Perfect Example: λέλυκα, I have loosed The Perfect expresses a completed action. 1) In reference to time, such an action may be: 1a) one just completed from the standpoint of the present: λέλυκα, I have loosed 1b) one completed in the more or less distant past: in the beginning God “created” 1c) one already completed from the point of view of another past act: God saw everything that “he had made“ 1d) one completed from the point of view of another action yet future: I will draw for thy camels also until “they have done” drinking Personal Pronoun Found in three persons; I, thou, and (he, she, or it); the third person being found in three genders as shown. Pluperfect Example: ἐλελύκειν, I had loosed denotes a past state of affairs resulting from an action yet further in the past. Present Example: λύω, I loose, or I am loosing Relative Pronoun Replaces a substantive mentioned in a previous main clause (known as the antecedent). The relative pronoun agrees with the antecedent in gender and number, but not necessarily in case; the later depends on the particulare function assigned to the relative pronoun. "The Complete Word Study New Testament", 1991 Spiros Zodiates. Pg.857-858 Subjunctive Expresses possibility, intention, or wish, e.g., 'I may loose' The subjunctive mood is the mood of possibility and potentiality. The action described may or may not occur, depending upon circumstances. Vocative Used in direct address		Greek Alphabet Capital Letters Small Letters Name Pronunciation Α α Alpha a as in father Β β Beta b Γ γ Gamma g as in give1 Δ δ Delta d Ε ε Epsilon e as in get Ζ ζ Zeta dz Η η Eta a as in date Θ θ Theta th Ι ι Iota i as in sit, ee as in keep Κ κ Kappa k Λ λ Lambda l Μ μ Mu m Ν ν Nu n Ξ ξ Xi x Ο ο Omicron o as in open, a as in father Π π Pi p Ρ ρ Rho r Σ σ Sigma2 s Τ τ Tau t Υ υ Upsilon u as in glue Φ θ Phi ph Χ χ Chi k Ψ ψ Psi ps Ω ω Omega o as in note 1Before another γ or κ or χ, γ is pronounced like ng. 2If σ appears at the end of a word it is written as ς. Common Diphthongs Pronounced like... αι ai as in aisle ει a as in fate οι oi as in oil αυ ow as in cow ευ eu as in feud ου oo as in food υι uee as in queen
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